The 4 Percent Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality
Language: English
Astronomy Astrophysics Astrophysics & Space Science Cosmology Dark Energy (Astronomy) Dark Matter (Astronomy) General Physics Science
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Published: Jan 10, 2011
Description:
The epic, behind-the-scenes story of an astounding gap in our scientific knowledge of the cosmos.
In the past few years, a handful of scientists have been in a race to explain a disturbing aspect of our universe: only 4 percent of it consists of the matter that makes up you, me, our books, and every planet, star, and galaxy. The rest—96 percent of the universe—is completely unknown.
Richard Panek tells the dramatic story of how scientists reached this conclusion, and what they’re doing to find this "dark" matter and an even more bizarre substance called dark energy. Based on in-depth, on-site reporting and hundreds of interviews—with everyone from Berkeley’s feisty Saul Perlmutter and Johns Hopkins’s meticulous Adam Riess to the quietly revolutionary Vera Rubin—the book offers an intimate portrait of the bitter rivalries and fruitful collaborations, the eureka moments and blind alleys, that have fueled their search, redefined science, and reinvented the universe.
Amazon.com Review
The story behind the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics
In recent years, a handful of scientists have been racing to explain a disturbing aspect of our universe: only 4 percent of it consists of the matter that makes up you, me, our books, and every star and planet. The rest is completely unknown.
Richard Panek tells the dramatic story of how scientists reached this cosmos-shattering conclusion. In vivid detail, he narrates the quest to find the "dark" matter and an even more bizarre substance called dark energy. The scientists involved in this search--Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt, and Adam Riess--shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their efforts.
But these scientists were not all working together. The 4% Universe offers an intimate portrait of the bitter rivalries and fruitful collaborations, the eureka moments and blind alleys that fueled their search, redefined science, and reinvented the universe. Drawing on in-depth, on-site reporting and hundreds of interviews, Panek does for cosmology what others have done for biology, sports, and finance: He tells a fascinating story that illuminates the inner workings of a particular (and in this case, particularly unfamiliar) world.
The stakes couldn’t be higher. Our view of the cosmos is profoundly wrong, and Copernicus was only the beginning: not just Earth, but all common matter is a marginal part of existence. Panek’s fast-paced narrative, filled with behind-the-scenes details, brings this epic story to life for the very first time.
A Q&A with Richard Panek, Author of The Four Percent Universe
Q: What is the "four percent universe"?
Panek: It’s the universe we’ve always known, the one that consists of everything we see: you, me, Earth, Sun, planets, stars, galaxies.
Q: What’s the other 96 percent?
Panek: The stuff we can’t see in any form whatsoever. At a loss for words, astronomers have given these missing ingredients the names "dark matter" and "dark energy."
Q: What are dark matter and dark energy?
Panek: If you find out, book yourself a flight to Stockholm.
Q: So nobody knows? We're not talking about "dark" as in black holes?
Panek: No. This is "dark" as in unknown for now and possibly forever.
Q: Well, then, what do astronomers mean by "dark matter"?
Panek: A mysterious substance that comprises about 23 percent of the universe.
Q: And dark energy?
Panek: Something even more mysterious that comprises about 73 percent of the universe.
Q: Okay, 73 and 23 add up to 96 percent, which does leave a four percent universe. But if we don’t know what dark matter and dark energy are, how do we even know they’re there?
Panek: In the 1970s, astronomers observed that the motions of galaxies, including our own Milky Way, seem to be violating the universal law of gravitation. They’re spinning way too fast to survive more than a single rotation, yet we know that our galaxy has gone through dozens of rotations in its billions of years of life. Galaxies are living fast but not dying young—a fact that makes sense only if we say that there’s more matter out there, gravitationally holding galaxies and even clusters of galaxies together, than we can see. Astronomers call this substance dark matter.
Q: And the mysterious dark energy?
Panek: In the 1990s, two independent teams of astronomers set out to discover the fate of the universe. They knew the universe was born in a big bang and has been expanding ever since. Now they wanted to know how much the mutual gravitation among all this matter—dark or otherwise—was affecting the expansion of the universe. Enough to slow it down so that the universe would eventually grind to a halt, then collapse on itself? Or just enough that the expansion would grind to a halt and stay there? In 1998 the two teams came to the same conclusion: the expansion of the universe isn’t slowing down at all. In fact, it’s speeding up. And whatever force is counteracting gravity is what they call dark energy.
Q: Do astronomers have any clue as to what dark matter and dark energy might be?
Panek: Yes and no. As for dark matter, they think it might be one of two subatomic particles, but physicists have been looking for these particles for thirty years and still haven’t found them. As for dark energy, they don’t even have an idea of what it might be. They’re still trying to figure out how it behaves. Does it change over space and time or not? If they can answer that question, then they can start to worry about what dark energy is.
Q: If astronomers themselves don’t know what dark matter and dark energy are, why should people believe that they exist?
Panek: Scientists like to quote a saying of Carl Sagan’s: "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." Many astronomers in the 1970s strongly resisted the idea of dark matter until the evidence became overwhelming. And even the two teams of astronomers that discovered the evidence for dark energy in 1998 resisted the idea until they could no longer come up with another explanation.
Q: Sounds like science is a pretty straightforward process of discovery and follow-up.
Panek: Straightforward, maybe. Pretty, no. As I show in The Four Percent Universe, the discoveries involved a lot of behind-the-scenes rivalries that sometimes turned ugly—rivalries that continue to this day. But in a way, these rivalries have been good for the science. When scientists who would like nothing more than to prove one another wrong wind up agreeing on a weird result, their peers can’t help but take the result seriously. Astronomers hate to say it—they’re as superstitious as anyone else, and they think they’ll jinx their chances—but there are Nobel Prizes at stake here.
Q: So this is real. Astronomers actually believe that 96 percent of the universe is "missing"?
Panek: Yes. They call it the ultimate Copernican revolution. Not only are we not at the center of the universe, we’re not even made of the same stuff as the vast majority of the universe.
Q: What now?
Panek: Nobody knows! And for astronomers, that’s the exciting part. Again and again, at conference after conference and in interview after interview, I’ve heard astronomers say that they can’t believe how fortunate they are to be scientists at this point in history. Four hundred years ago, Galileo turned a telescope to the night sky and discovered that there’s more out there than the five planets and couple of thousand stars that meet the eye. Now astronomers are saying that there’s more out there, period—whether it meets the eye or not. Lots more: the vast majority of the universe, in fact.
Q: If this revolution is such a big deal, why haven’t we heard about it?
Panek: Because it’s just beginning. Only in the past ten years have scientists reached a consensus that what we’ve always thought was the universe is really only four percent of it. Now they feel that figuring out the missing 96 percent is the most important problem in science.
Q: Will finding answers make our lives better? What’s the payoff?
Panek: On an immediate, day-to-day, price-of-milk level, nothing. But Galileo’s observations starting in 1609 completely changed the physics and philosophy of the next four hundred years in ways nobody could have anticipated. As I argue in The Four Percent Universe, this new revolution is going to have the same kind of effect on civilization. The fun is just beginning.
From Bookmarks Magazine
Exploring “one of the most important stories in the history of science” (Washington Post), Panek nimbly outlines recent findings in physics, astronomy, and cosmology and evaluates rival theories in clear, comprehensible language. He also dives into the bureaucratic morass and professional enmities of contemporary research, examining how these discoveries were made as well as who made them. While some critics appreciated this behind-the-scenes human drama as a tool for understanding the full story, others believed that Panek’s alternating focus on the scientists themselves detracted from the actual science. However, even readers who prefer their science straight up will find much to admire in this accessible and fascinating survey of one of the most exciting—and maddening—fields of study.
Customer Reviews
3.8 out of 5 stars
(72)
3.8 out of 5 stars
5 star
28
4 star
19
3 star
11
2 star
12
1 star
2
See all 72 customer reviews
“ The book covers some very complex theories and concepts but Mr. Panek does a good job making the complex simpler to read and understand. ” Christopher P. Obert | 12 reviewers made a similar statement
“ The book wasn't that much fun to read. ” J. Gomez | 10 reviewers made a similar statement
“ There are a variety of theories; so-called dark matter that we can't detect, dark energy, an even more mysterious hypothetical substance. ” Scott FS | 11 reviewers made a similar statement
Most Helpful Customer Reviews
49 of 54 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Nice distillation of current views of cosmology December 23, 2010
By Scott FS VINE™ VOICE
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Vine™ Review (What's this?)
I first must admit that my days taking physics at university are long behind me. And I found the subject more difficult than chemistry or biology, both of which I finally minored in. But I've retained a life-long interest in the subject, and happily pursue and digest popular science articles on the subject.
I was aware of the conundrum of the missing matter in the universe; it's a deep puzzle that still has cosmologists trying to figure out where the missing matter is (we know that the universe has to have a certain mass to explain the behavior of objects such as galaxies and galaxy clusters). It seems that ordinary matter (protons, electrons, neutrons and the whole panoply of the wave particles that we are familiar with) represents only about four percent of the matter that must be present in the universe.
Where, or what, is the missing 96%? That's the subject of this fascinating look at the current efforts to understand exactly what is going on. There are a variety of theories; so-called dark matter that we can't detect, dark energy, an even more mysterious hypothetical substance. Lately, there has been some evidence to show that contrary to what we used to believe, neutrinos do actually have a bit of mass. Given their relative abundance, this may help explain the missing mass.
The book is written by Richard Panek,a science writer for the popular press. He's written for magazines such as Discover, and he keeps his easy-to-understand writing style here. He highlights many of the scientists involved, how they've made their discoveries, and what they are doing to get to the bottom of the 21st century's greatest cosmology puzzle.
Highly recommended. This is a breezy, well-written book that will appeal to those lay persons who have an interest in the the large (galactic and otherwise) structures around us. Four-and-one-half stars.
Comment |
Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
No
112 of 132 people found the following review helpful
2.0 out of 5 stars This is a book about scientists, not about science December 29, 2010
By Silea TOP 1000 REVIEWERVINE™ VOICE
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Vine™ Review (What's this?)
If you want to know all about the careers of the various scientists involved with the discovery that the universe we can see is but a fraction of the universe that is, this is the book for you. If you actually want to know more about the science, you'll be left unsatisfied.
In the first fifty-odd pages, the author introduces scores of scientists, gives their academic history, summaries of the projects they worked on before getting to whatever project they worked on that is actually relevant to the book, the conferences they attended, the papers they published, when they got married, how many kids they had, and so on. Oh, also, it mentions the discoveries that the universe is about 3 Kelvin, and that galaxies don't spin the same way solar systems do, but that's almost tangential.
After the first few chapters, it picks up a little, but not much.
In all, this is a book about people who do scientific research, not a book about science. It goes beyond the pop-science books that make sure to ground the discoveries in the social context straight through to being almost a compendium of mini-biographies. And even if that's what you like, the dry writing style makes it a chore to slog through.
10 Comments |
Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
No
86 of 108 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Why astrophysics is a sizzling science December 27, 2010
By Robert Kirshner
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
If you want to know why astrophysics is a sizzling science, read this book.
I see that there are a number of reviews here on Amazon, which I think is great. It shows that people care about the big questions-- what's the Universe made of? How do we know?
The review by Paul Preuss is particularly interesting. "Snarky" "virulent" "rancorous" Wow! Who knew science was so much fun?
Preuss doesn't reveal until the 27th paragraph that he is the Press Officer at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab whose job over the past decade has been to press the case for recognition of the work on dark energy done by scientists at his institution. There's nothing dishonorable about putting the best face on the work done by people at the Lab, whether it involves super-heavy elements, the Cosmic Microwave Background, or cosmic acceleration. After all, somebody has to make the case for science in a media atmosphere of Lady Gaga and the cat in the dumpster. But it would be asking too much for a person in his position to give a completely balanced account of a scientific discovery, like the discovery of cosmic acceleration, that took place over time and at many places, as described in the spellbinding new book by Richard Panek, The 4% Universe .
To avoid a similar gaffe, I should tell the reader right up front that I am the same Robert Kirshner referred to in Panek's excellent book. Not always with admiration, but he's not perfect and neither am I. The important thing is that all of the people in this book, and many left out, got to discover something big and wonderful about the universe in which we live. Panek is an excellent guide to that adventure.
Panek is a talented writer, a diligent researcher, and his book The 4% Universe is an exciting account of one of the most revolutionary discoveries in physical science. Great science is bigger than any of us. If you want a complementary perspective on these events, I can't recommend a better book than "The Extravagant Universe: exploding stars, dark energy, and the accelerating universe." It's by me, and I am a participant in the events, but I tried hard to stick to the facts. It's from 2002, still in print, and available in Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese and Czech. The Extravagant Universe: Exploding Stars, Dark Energy, and the Accelerating Cosmos (Princeton Science Library)
In his Amazon review of Panek's book, Preuss offers his own version of the story starting (as if that were the start of the discovery of cosmic acceleration) with the establishment of the Center for Particle Astrophysics at Berkeley by the National Science Foundation. Preuss asserts without any evidence that I was opposed to the Supernova Cosmology Project (SCP) "from the moment I heard about it." I think I'm the only witness on this matter. It ain't so. I thought this project could be a good thing, and gave a talk at the opening symposium for the Center describing how you could use supernovae to find out how much the universe is slowing down. Little did I know it was speeding up! The LBL team asked me more than once to join the project. The Center for Particle Astrophysics asked me to serve on their External Advisory Committee. I would not waste my time to fly across the country to sit in darkened windowless rooms to watch hours of powerpoint presentations if I thought the project was not worth doing. The Center for Particle Astrophysics, with its healthy engagement with astrophysics, may be the place where Preuss first encountered the idea that supernovae could be used to measure the universe, but this idea has deep roots in astronomy, as sketched by Panek in The 4% Universe .
After Fritz Zwicky pioneered methods for finding supernovae through monthly searches in the dark of the moon, Walter Baade showed that the supernovae we now call Type Ia, the thermonuclear detonation of white dwarf stars, could be used to measure cosmic expansion. If supernovae all had the same intrinsic brightness, then you could judge their distances by their apparent brightness. If you also measured the redshift for the supernova, or its host galaxy, you could use the plot of distance against redshift to measure the history of cosmic expansion. This was clearly understood in the 1930s! In 1968, Charlie Kowal, who worked for Zwicky at Caltech, compiled the world's data and published an article in The Astronomical Journal that showed thermonuclear supernovae were pretty good standard candles with a scatter of about 60% in brightness. Kowal speculated that distances to individual objects might eventually be known to 5-10%. What's more, Kowal said, "It may even be possible to determine the second-order term in the redshift-magnitude relation when light curves become available for very distant supernovae." In plain english, that means he was thinking about using supernovae to gather evidence for the cosmic deceleration that everyone expected to see due to the effects of gravity. This is the measurement that, to everyone's surprise, showed evidence for cosmic acceleration when it was finally published in 1998.
Along the way in 1979, Gustav Tammann, working with Allan Sandage, showed how you could use the Hubble Space Telescope to measure distant supernovae and establish whether or not the universe was decelerating. But first, some important astronomical aspects of the supernovae needed to be sorted out. It turns out that mixed in with the thermonuclear explosions were some imposters-- supernovae that resembled SN Ia, but got their energy from the gravitational collapse of their cores. Astronomers, including me, began to get this straightened out in 1985.
Another complication comes from the thermonuclear supernovae. Preuss says about the 1990 establishment of the SCP "the physicists believed, {thermonuclear supernovae were} very similar in their brightness. " I don't know if that is accurate about the beliefs of physicists, but it certainly is not true about supernovae. Mark Phillips (later a member of the High-Z Team) began to see in 1986 that there's a factor of 3 in the range of intrinsic brightness of Type Ia supernovae. If you don't develop a method to compensate for this, to sort out the 75 watt bulbs from the 25 watters, you will make a mess of estimating distances from brightness. Physicists did not have a monopoly on understanding supernovae as tools for measuring the history of cosmic expansion, and in the early 1990s it was clear we all needed to learn more about the variety of supernovae from astronomical observations of nearby objects. My own team at Harvard worked hard on this aspect of the problem.
Methods for working out how to find supernovae with digital detectors were pioneered by a group of Danish astronomers in 1988. Their goal was to measure cosmic deceleration. There's no question that the LBL team later worked out their own way to detect supernovae in digital images of the sky, and they profited from the rapid technical advances in detectors and computers after 1988, but this was not a problem for which astronomers were waiting for intervention from superior beings, having already done it. More important was making precise observations of the supernova brightness through more than one filter. If you do not do this, you cannot, even in principle, tell the difference between supernovae that are dimmed by cosmic acceleration and supernovae that are dimmed by obscuring dust. The SCP made their earliest observations through only one filter. As Panek describes, I counseled them to do this measurement correctly. Maybe that's why Preuss thinks I was opposed to the project. But that's not right. I was only opposed to them making bad inferences from inadequate data.
In his review of The 4% Universe, Preuss says:
"With an initial small sample the SCP did indeed make bad guesses about the universe's weight and shape. But in 1994 they started collecting Type Ia supernovae by the fistful, having developed and applied methods that should have been obvious -- particularly to doubting astronomers."
The way this is written, a reader might think that those early "bad guesses" were made before 1994. In fact, the SCP reported these results at conferences in 1996 and published them in 1997. As for the "doubting astronomers" who seem like such dolts-- Danish astronomers were discovering supernovae in 1988 and by 1995 our High-Z supernova team, led by Brian Schmidt, was finding distant supernovae to go along with our nearby samples and making our own observations with carefully selected pairs of filters as imagined by Nick Suntzeff. This is the program that led to a good outcome in 1998.
As Panek makes clear, the early work from the SCP, led by Saul Perlmutter, was not "bad guesses", it was wrong. It claimed to rule out accelerating cosmologies. This was a small data set. Maybe the problem was bad luck. Maybe the problem was flaws in the way the observations were carried out and analyzed. Later observations by Saul's team were technically much better, and gave a different result, which makes me think the latter is more likely. But in 1996 and 1997, the LBL team was saying that supernovae showed there was no cosmic acceleration, and no need for dark energy. Theorists were frustrated. To some of them, dark energy would help fit all the pieces of cosmology together. But the SCP resolutely said the opposite. Cosmologist Mike Turner is quoted by Panek (on p.148) as saying (in jest!) at a 1996 conference in Princeton, "I don't think Saul is that stupid. Read more ›
6 Comments |
Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
No
› See all 72 customer reviews (newest first)
Write a customer review
Most Recent Customer Reviews
2.0 out of 5 stars 4 Percent Useful Information
Cosmology, the science of the origin, evolution and the ultimate fate of the Universe, is a surprisingly young scientific discipline. Read more
Published 1 day ago by Dr. Bojan Tunguz
4.0 out of 5 stars A personal approach
Richard tries to make The 4 Percent Universe a historical novel with many incidentals, and this works. Read more
Published 29 days ago by Mafunzalo
5.0 out of 5 stars Great gift for the physics lover
Our youngest son is a physics major and has applied to graduate school. He is interested in particular physics and dark matter. Read more
Published 1 month ago by DW
4.0 out of 5 stars A book that allows to understand our present view of the universe
My prior knowledge of cosmology was very basic. The 4 Percent Universe, provides an entertaining view of the history of cosmology and our present understanding of it. Read more
Published 1 month ago by Fernando Fuentes
4.0 out of 5 stars Science for the scientists
The 4% Universe is written with such clear poetic urgency that I couldn't help but be drawn in, and I would have enjoyed it more if I better understood the science behind it. Read more
Published 2 months ago by Daniel Estes
5.0 out of 5 stars Wonderful narration and really informative stuff
Have the Audible edition of this book narrated by Ray Porter.
Man, could he narrate !
The book is excellent in its own way, but narration is brilliant. Read more
Published 2 months ago by Anandasubramanian
5.0 out of 5 stars Realms of the unknowable Universe
This dramatic story brings us to the current best knowledge of how little of the universe we know. We are able to infer only 4% of known reality because Dark Matter and Dark Energy... Read more
Published 2 months ago by Tom Doggett
2.0 out of 5 stars Disappointing
Very disappointing read. I imagine that readers who are interested in dark matter and dark energy are already aware of the current state of astronomy and don't need to be told that... Read more
Published 5 months ago by Sergei
2.0 out of 5 stars A History Point Not Informative
So many people are waiting for a breakthrough on what might be Dark Energy and Dark Matter. When this book came out I'm sure we all thought "something new" was finally out. Read more
Published 8 months ago by George
3.0 out of 5 stars Good but could have been much better...
The 4 Percent Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality by Richard Panek
"The 4 Percent Universe" tells the story of what has... Read more
Published 9 months ago by J. Gomez
Search Customer Reviews
Only search this product's reviews
Product Details
Did we miss any relevant features for this product? Tell us what we missed.
Would you like to update product info, give feedback on images, or tell us about a lower price?
ASIN 0618982442
bookdisplayon_website
The 4 Percent Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality
link
Start your free trial and join millions of Amazon Prime members who enjoy:
Prime Instant Videos
Watch over 25,000 movies and TV episodes
Free Two-Day Shipping
Get fast, free shipping on over 15 million items
Kindle Owners' Lending Library
Borrow from over 180,000 titles for free
Watch. Read. Shop. Relax.
Millions of Amazon Prime members enjoy instant videos, free Kindle books and unlimited free two-day shipping.
Unlimited streaming of thousands of
movies and TV shows with Amazon Prime
Rent or buy hit movies and TV shows
to stream or download
Your movies and TV shows
stored in the cloud
Watch instantly on your Kindle Fire,
TV, Blu-ray player, or set-top box
Shop over 20 million songs
Discover how to play your music
Play from any browser
For Android phones and tablets
For iPhone, iPad and iPod touch
For Sonos and Roku
5 GB of free storage
For Windows and Mac
For Android phones and tablets
Learn More About Cloud Drive
Kindle E-readers
Small, light, perfect for reading
World's most advanced e-reader
With free 3G wireless
Covers, chargers, sleeves and more
With Prime, Kindle owners read for free
All new--faster, twice the memory
7", Dolby audio, ultra-fast Wi-Fi
8.9", Dolby audio, ultra-fast Wi-Fi
With ultra-fast 4G LTE wireless
Cases, chargers, sleeves and more
Read your Kindle books in a browser
For PC, iPad, iPhone, Android, and more
Manage Your Kindle
Appstore for Android
Try thousands of apps and games right now
Kindle, mobile shopping, MP3, and more
View your apps and manage your devices
For PC and Mac
For PC and Mac
For PC and Mac
Your Games & Software Library
Audible Audiobooks
Get to know Audible
Switch between reading and listening
Magazines
Movies, Music & Games
Game Downloads
Electronics
Electronics Accessories
Computers
External drives, mice, networking & more
Office & School Supplies
Home, Garden & Pets
Pet Supplies
Tools, Home Improvement
Building Supplies
Grocery, Health & Beauty
Beauty
Toys, Kids & Baby
20% off diapers, free shipping and more
Baby Registry
Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry
Watches
Sports & Outdoors
All Sports & Outdoors
Automotive
Safety
Unlimited Instant Videos
20 million songs, play anywhere
5 GB of free storage
Get a premium app for free today
›Full Store Directory
Sign in
New customer? Start here.
Play from any browser
5 GB of free storage
Unlimited streaming of thousands
of movies and TV shows
Your Shopping Cart is empty.
Give it purpose—fill it with books, DVDs, clothes, electronics, and more.
If you already have an account, sign in.
There's a problem previewing your cart right now.
Check your Internet connection and go to your cart, or try again.
View Cart (0 items) (0 item) (0 items)
Add items to your List from anywhere
Search Inside This Book:
What Other Items Do Customers Buy After Viewing This Item?
4.4 out of 5 stars (24)
$15.01
4.4 out of 5 stars (172)
$11.53
4.6 out of 5 stars (19)
$10.22
4.3 out of 5 stars (37)
$18.45
› Explore similar items
Like 1362251242 false -1 46 46 45 (46)
Forums
Listmania!
So You'd Like to...
Add to Cart
The 4 Percent Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality [Hardcover]
$26.00
In Stock. Ships for FREE with Super Saver Shipping.
Look for Similar Items by Category
Feedback
If you need help or have a question for Customer Service, contact us.
Would you like to update product info, give feedback on images, or tell us about a lower price?
Is there any other feedback you would like to provide? Click here
Your comments can help make our site better for everyone. Please note that we are unable to respond directly to all feedback submitted via this form, but we'll ask you to sign in so we can contact you if needed. Feedback is limited to 1000 characters.
Feedback
Thanks for your feedback.
We appreciate your effort to make our site better. Please note that we are unable to respond directly to all submissions made via this form.